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傳奇的石刻文化 The Legend of Carved Stone Culture
浏览次数:1304次 更新时间:2020-12-22

文/丁布江才



一種奇特的傳統文化-----石刻。古時候的石刻是古代人類有意識的對岩石進行有意義的刻畫。具體指刻著文字、圖畫的具有歷史、藝術和科學價值的碑碣等石製品或石壁,主要包括石碑、畫像石、摩崖石刻和岩畫。聊城地處平原,古代石刻十分珍貴,種類繁多、製作精美的漢代畫像石、碑刻、石雕等是源遠流長聊城歷史文化的重要載體。

    石刻文化在藏區也有著神奇的雕刻藝術。青海省的南邊囊謙縣娘拉鄉就是利用天然的石壁刻字。囊謙是青藏高原的古代文化——南部的卡若文化與北部的卡約文化交匯之區。尤其是嘛呢石刻藝術是藏民族古老而獨特的文化承載和表達方式,體現和反映了藏傳佛教信徒的一種精神寄託和文化宿體。囊謙由於所處的地理位置相對特殊,在歷史上形成了政治、文化、經濟的中心,所以囊謙嘛呢石具有藏區的共性又賦有本地區的特性。本文在實地調查的基礎上,分析其產生、發展、傳承方式、雕刻技藝、表現內容,揭示其文化內涵。

    在娘拉鄉每家每戶沒有不會石刻嘛呢的人,嘛呢石是藏民族古老而獨特的一種文化承載,是藏傳佛教特有的一種藝術表現形式。“嘛呢”是佛經咒六字真言“唵、嘛、呢、叭、咪、哞”的簡稱。嘛呢石主要指刻有“嘛呢”真言字樣的石頭,也泛指刻有佛、塔等造像和其他經文、器物的石頭。

    而娘拉鄉娘麥村的吉仁達嘛呢堆記載著歷史:娘楚桑秋生巴和嘉納桑秋帕巴兩位尊者一起商定,二者作為玉樹新寨嘛呢的奠基人,約定兩人共同選擇一個良晨吉日,在同一天建造一座嘛呢堆。西元1715年的某個吉日吉時兩人分別為結古嘉納嘛呢和吉仁達嘛呢舉行了開光奠基,從此就有了結古嘉納嘛呢和吉仁達嘛呢功德和加持一樣的說法。嘛呢石刻表現的內容極為豐富,在囊謙地區嘛呢石雕刻內容主要有咒文符號、經文、佛像。

    藏傳石刻嘛呢經作為藏族民間宗教信仰的重要表現之一,不僅形成了藏民族自己的文化特色,且具有十分重要的文化價值科學研究價值。

    在青海藏區嘛呢石是寫在大地上的經卷,是歷史和文化的象徵。

 



Carved Stone is a unique traditional culture. In the old-time, Carved Stone indicates that ancient humans consciously created meaningful things on rocks. Carved Stones are stone relics, such as stone tablets or rock with words or pictures with historical, artistic, or scientific values, mainly refer to stone tablets, stone reliefs, inscriptions on precipices, and rock art. Liaocheng is located in the plain area. Ancient Carved Stone is precious. Various delicate stone reliefs, stone tablets, and stone carvings carry the long cultural history of Liaocheng.

Tibetan area also has a magical stone carving culture. In Niangla Village, Nangqian County, south Qinghai Province, people carved on natural rock. South Karuo Culture and north Kayue Culture are both Qinghai-Tibet Plateau's ancient culture, and both cultures met in Nangqian County. The culture of Mani Stone is a unique and ancient heritage and expression of Tibetan; it shows and reflects Tibetan Buddhism believers' spiritual sustenance and culture host. Nangqian's geographic location is exceptional, and it was the center of politics, culture, and economy in history. That is why the Mani Stone in Nangqian has the similarity of Tibet and the local culture's specialty. This article will introduce the production, development, heritage, carving skill, and Mani Stone information and show its cultural connotation after researching on-site.

Everyone in Niangla County knows how to make Mani stone, an ancient and unique Tibetan culture heritage, and a unique artistic expression of Tibetan Buddhism. Mani is short for six-word Dharani "Om Mani Padme Hum." Because of the stone engraved with "mani," people call it Mani Stone, but Mani Stone also refers to stones carved with Buddha, tower, other scriptures, and items.

According to the Jirenda Mani Stone site's record in Niangla Village, Niangmai Hamlet, Lord Niangchu Sangqiu Shengba, and Lord Jiana Sangqiu Paba, as founders of Jiana Mani Stone city, decided to choose a good day to build two Mani Stone sites in the same day. One lucky day in 1715, they consecrated and founded Jiegujiana Mani Stone site and Jirenda Mani Stone site. Ever since then, there is a saying that both Jiegujiana Mani Stones and Jirenda Mani Stones have been blessed. Mani Stone has many different carvings, but in Nangqian region, the carvings are mainly spells, symbols, scriptures, and Buddha statues.

As one of the essential expression methods of Tibetan folk belief, Tibetan Mani Stones formed not only a unique cultural feature of Tibetan but also a culture and science research value.

The Mani Stone in Qinghai-Tibet region is the scripture written on earth and the symbol of culture and history.





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